efgyk,a çkjaHk ls gh es/kk laiUu
jgh gSa] ysfdu muesa tkx:drk dk vHkko jgk gSA bl tkx:drk vHkko ds ihNs Hkh vkt
rd vHkh iwjh rjg ls ;g dg ikuk laHko ugha gks ik;k fd muds bl dkj.k ds ihNs dk
bfrgkl D;k jgk gSA tkx:drk ,oa vkRefo'okl dh deh Hkh mudh mUufr ds ekxZ dk jksM+k
jgh gSA tkx:drk o vkRefo'okl ds vHkko ds ihNs lkekftd] jktuSfrd o iq#"k
opZLooknh ekufldrk vkfn fofHkUu igyw Hkh gks ldrs gSaA oSls rks lapkj ek/;e
lekt ds fofHkUu oSdkfld :iksa esa cgqr
lgk;d gSaA ijarq efgyk l'kähdj.k ds lanHkZ esa ckr djrs le; lapkj ds oSdfYid
ek/;eksa vFkkZr oSdfYid ehfM;k dh l'kä Hkwfedk dks loksZifj ns[kk tkrk gSA vkt
lewps fo'o esa fL=;ksa dk opZLo c<+k gSA f'k{kk] jktuhfr] foKku] dyk]
euksjatu&gj {ks= esa fL=;ka viuh çfrHkk mtkxj dj jgh gSaA mudh ikfjokfjd]
lkekftd vkSj oSpkfjd fLFkfr esa ifjorZu Li"V fn[kkbZ ns jgk gSA efgyk ds
çfr fgalk] ;kSu mRihM+u] ngst çrkM+uk tSlh ?kVuk,a igys ls ?kVrh vk jgh gSaA
ijarq oSdfYid ehfM;k us muesa og psruk txk;h gS ftlds dkj.k vc os vR;kpkj ds
fo#) eq[kj gks jgh gSaA
efgyk,a vius vfLrRo dh yM+kbZ
yacs le; ls yM+rh vk jgh gSa] ysfdu blus vfHk;ku dk :i ugha fy;k FkkA efgykvksa
ds i{k esa tehu rS;kj djus esa lkeqnkf;d jsfM;ks] y?kq i=&if=dkvksa dh lcls
vf/kd Hkwfedk jgh gS D;ksafd ;s lHkh ek/;e vke vkneh rd igqapus ds loZlqyHk o
lLrs ek/;e gSaA 73 osa vkSj 74 osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku ds ifj.kkeLo:i ns'k dh
xzkeh.k ,oa uxjh; Lo'kklh laLFkkvksa esa efgykvksa ds fy, vkj{k.k dh O;oLFkk us
mUgsa vf/kdkj&laiUu rks cuk;k fdarq tc gfj;k.kk] fgekpy çns'k]mÙkjk[kaM]
fcgkj vkSj e/;çns'k ds dqN vkfnoklh {ks=ksa esa fuokZfpr efgyk çfrfuf/k;ksa us
lkekftd cqjkb;ksa ,oa vU;k; ds fo:) vkokt cqyan dj mu ij fot; ikbZ rks oSdfYid
ehfM;k us gh lekt esa ;g vkl txk nh fd lHkh folaxfr;ksa ds f[kykQ fL=;ksa dh
,dtqVrk lpeqp Økafrdkjh ifjorZu yk ldrh gSA
oSdfYid ehfM;k ls vk'k; ,slh
ehfM;k ¼lekpkj i=&if=dk] jsfM;ks] Vhoh flusek o b.VjusV vkfn½ ls tks
eq[;/kkjk dh ehfM;k ds lanHkZ esa oSdfYid tkudkjh çnku djrh gSA oSdfYid ehfM;k
dks eq[;/kkjk ehfM;k ls gVdj ns[kk tkrk gSA eq[;/kkjk ds ehfM;k okf.kfT;d]
lkoZtfud :i ls lefFkZr ;k ljdkj ds LokfeRo okyh gSaA oSdfYid ehfM;k ds varxZr
mu [kcjksa dks çlkfjr fd;k tkrk gS] ftUgsa eq[;/kkjk ehfM;k ds ehfM;k esa LFkku
ugha fn;k tkrk vkSj os tu ljdkjksa ls iw.kZr% tqM+h gksrh gSA
lkekftd ,oa oSpkfjd l'kähdj.k
vkSj oSdfYid ehfM;k dh varjfØ;k,a
vkt vfHkO;fä ehfM;k ds oSfo/;
vk;keksa esa ifjofrZr gks x;h gSA lekpkj i=&if=dkvksa jsfM;ks] Vsyhfotu
vk/kkfjr i=dkfjrk dks vksYM ehfM;k rFkk baVjusV o osc vk/kkfjr ehfM;k dks U;w
ehfM;k ds uke ls tkurs gSaA ^ehfM;k* 'kCn lapkj ds lk/kuksa ds fy, ç;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA ehfM;k vkSj lekt dk cgqr gh xgjk laca/k gksrk gSA ehfM;k lekt dh çR;sd
xfrfof/k;ksa dks viuh vk¡[kksa ls ns[krh gS rFkk cqf) ,oa foosd ds vuqlkj mls
ifjekftZr djds lekt dks lwfpr djrh gSA oSdfYid ehfM;k dks O;kid :i esa QSykus
esa eq[;/kkjk dh ehfM;k dh vge Hkwfedk jgh gSA tc eq[;/kkjk dh ehfM;k esa tu
lkekU; dh ckr dks Hkqyk;k tkus yxk vkSj elkysnkj] vkSfpR;foghu [kcjsa ijkslh
tkus yxh vkSj lkFk gh lkFk turk dh vfHkO;fä dks tu ek/;e esa jksdk tkus yxk]
v[kckjh [kcjksa ij lansg fd;k tkus yxk] rc 'kuS% 'kuS% oSdfYid ehfM;k dk mRFkku
bl lwpuk ;qx esa gqvkA
nqfu;k Hkj esa chloha lnh ds lkrosa n'kd ds
vklikl ls oSdfYid ehfM;k dh 'kq#vkr ekuk tk ldrk gSA oSdfYid ehfM;k çkjfEHkd
nkSj esa ,d lekpkj i= ,oa ipsZ ds }kjk leL;k o fopkj dks dsaæ esa j[kdj blds
cht dks LQqfVr fd;k x;kA orZeku lanHkZ esa oSdfYid ehfM;k ls vk'k; ,slh ehfM;k
¼lekpkj i=& if=dk] jsfM;ks] Vhoh] flusek o baVjusV vkfn½ ls gS] tks
eq[;/kkjk dh ehfM;k ds çfri{k esa oSdfYid tkudkjh çnku djrh gSA oSdfYid ehfM;k
dks eq[;/kkjk ehfM;k ls gVdj ns[kk tkrk gSA eq[;/kkjk dh ehfM;k okf.kfT;d]
lkoZtfud :i ls lefFkZr ;k ljdkj ds LokfeRo okyh gSaA oSdfYid ehfM;k ds varxZr
mu [kcjksa dks çlkfjr fd;k tkrk gS] ftUgsa eq[;/kkjk dh ehfM;k esa LFkku ugha
fn;k tkrk vkSj os tu ljksdkjksa ls iw.kZr% tqM+h gksrh gSaA ,Vu fØl ¼Atton Chris½ dk dguk gS fd ÞoSdfYid ehfM;k
fopkj/kkjk] çHkqRo vkSj opZLo dks ysdj xzkelh ¼Gramsci½ }kjk
O;ä /kkj.kk ls vyx gSAß ,Vu fØl ds dFku ls Li"V gS fd oSdfYid ehfM;k
çHkqÙoghu gksrh gS rFkk bldk tuekul ls lh/kk vkSj ljyre laca/k gksrk gSA
fe'ksy vYcVZ ¼Michael Albert‚ 2004½ us vius esfuQsLVks ^What makes alternative media alternative\*esa oSdfYid
ehfM;k dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq;s fy[kk gS ,d oSdfYid ehfM;k vf/kdre laLFkk
equkQk ugha] eq[; :i ls n'kZdksa dks jktLo ds fy, foKkiunkrkvksa dks cspk ugha
djrk gS] fo—r lekt ds inkuqØfer lkekftd fj'rksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djus ds fy,
lajfpr gS vkSj lajpukRed xgjkbZ ls ,oa vU; çeq[k lkekftd laLFkk] fo'ks"kdj
fuxeksa ls ;g Lora= :i ls vyx gks ldrh gSA lkekftd laLFkkvksa ds dbZ [kaM]
jktuhfr ls çsfjr leqnk;ksa dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, yksdra= ds fofHkUu
laLdj.kksa esa lfEefyr gSaA
oSdfYid ehfM;k dh vo/kkj.kkRed Li"Vrk
nsrs gq, ys[kd ^vaMj LVSafMax vYVjusfVo ehfM;k* iqLrd esa fy[krs gSa fd
ÞoSdfYid ehfM;k ds ,d gh {ks= ds vanj cgqr fofo/krk;sa gSaAß ¼'kSyh] ;ksxnku o
lanHkZ ds –f"Vdks.k ls½ ÞÝkal esa loZçFke ebZ 1968 esa Nk= vkSj Jfedksa ds
foæksg ds ckn oke fopkj/kkjk ls ;qä ^oSdfYid* v[kckj fn[kkbZ iM+kA bldk çFke
çdk'ku 18 vçSy 1973 bZ- dks vk;k] ftlesa blds çdk'k esa vkus dk mYys[k FkkAß
lkekU; ehfM;k ;kfu eq[;/kkjk
ehfM;k dks Hkh gok esa lapkfyr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA mlds fy, Hkh lkekftd]
vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd <kapk o jk"Vªh; ,oa varjkZ"Vªh; eqís gksrs gSa]
ysfdu oSdfYid ehfM;k Hkh LFkkuh;] lkekftd ,oa jktuSfrd psruk dh gh ckr djrh gSA
vFkkZr ;s ,d iw.kZ mís'; dks ysdj pyrh gS] ftlesa LFkkuh;rk dk cks/k gksrk gSA
;s [kkldj viuh czkafMax ds fy, dk;Z ugha djrh gSA ;s iw.kZr% lekt ij vkfJr
gksrh gSA bldk e‚My lgHkkxh e‚My gksrk gSA
laiknd iadt fc"V ds laiknu
esa fudy fudyus okyh le;karj if=dk mnkj çxfr'khy fopkjksa dk eap miyC/k djkrh
gSA ;g oSdfYid i=dkfjrk ds çfreku dks yxHkx LFkkfir djrh gSA bldk vk/kkj okD;
^vlgefr dk lkgl vkSj lgefr dk foosdß
j[kk x;kA ;kuh tks ckrsa vlqfo/kktud gSa] os rks dguh gh gSa] ij lkFk gh
os ckrsa Hkh ugha fNikuh gSa] tks Lo;a gekjs fy, Hkh vlqfo/kktud gks ldrh gSaA
mÙkj çns'k ds cqUnsy[kaM ls xzkeh.k efgykvksa }kjk fudyus okyk lekpkji= ^[kcj
ygfj;k* ikf{kd lekpkj i= gS] tks ogka dh leL;kvksa dks çdkf'kr djrk gSA ;g
v[kckj oSdfYid i=dfjrk ds çfreku çfrLFkkfir djrk gSA vçSy 2004 ls tkSuiqj ls
fudyus okyk v[kckj ^xqukxj* oSdfYid ljh[kh i=dkfjrk dks m)`r djrk gSA mfM+;k
U;wtysVj ^fe=* ds fnlEcj 2004 vad esa xkao ds çkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa gksus okyh
tkfr laca/kh ijs'kkfu;ksa ij fy[kk x;k] ftldh ,d çfr ç[kaM fodkl inkf/kdkjh ds
ikl Hksth xbZA vf/kdkfj;ksa us blls f'kdk;r ds rkSj ij ntZ dj nks"kh Ldwy
f'k{kd ds fo:) dkjZokbZ dhA buds vykok vU; dbZ lekpkj i= tSls okjk.klh ls
^iqjobZ*] çrkix<+ ls ^fHkalj*] lhrkiqj ls ^nsgfj;k*] eFkqjk ls ^HkS;yh* vkSj
fp=dwV ls ^efgyk Mkfd;k* ¼bl J`a[kyk dk igyk U;wtysVj½ us Hkh le; ds lkFk viuh
igpku cukbZ gSA
efgykvksa
ds f'k{kk vkSj l'kähdj.k ds fy, dke djus okyh mÙkj çns'k dh ,d xSj ljdkjh
laLFkk ^efgyk lke[;k* bu xzkeh.k lekpkj i= ¼U;wtysVj½ dh enn djrh gSA fp=dwV ls
fudyus okys ^[kcj ygfj;k* dks efgykvksa ds fy, dke djus okyh fnYyh fLFkr ,d xSj
ljdkjh laLFkku ^fujUrj* dk lg;ksx çkIr gSA bu U;wtysVj esa ls dqN eghus esa ,d]
dqN rhu eghus esa ,d vkSj dqN lky esa nks ckj fudyrs gSaA
bu
v[kckjksa ,oa U;wtysVlZ esa pkikdy] [kM+atk] lM+d tSlh ewyHkwr leL;kvksa ls
ysdj ngst] u'kk[kksjh vkSj efgykvksa ls fgalk tSls eqíksa ij [kcjsa çdkf'kr
gksrh gSaA blds vykok gR;k vkSj vU; vijk/k ls tqM+h [kcjsa Hkh gksrh gSaA ?kj
vkSj cxhpk laHkkyus ls tqM+h tkudkjh] gkfy;k 'kks/k dh foLr`r tkudkjh vkfn blds
vkd"kZ.k gSaA bu lHkh oSdfYid lekpkj i=&if=dkvksa us lekt esa ,d ubZ
lksp o le> fodflr dh gS ,oa iqjkuh :f<+oknh fopkj/kkjk dks ifjofrZr djus
esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk dh gSA oSdfYid ehfM;k ds ek/;e ls vkt xzkeh.k tui{k
dh vkokt cqyan gks jgh gSA
f'k{kk ds c<+rs xzkQ ds ckotwn
fyaxxr HksnHkko ekStwn gSaA fQj Hkh efgykvksa esa lkekftd ,o oSpkfjd l'kähdj.k
dks fpafgr fd;k tk jgk gSA orZeku iwathoknh vkSj lÙkki{kh ehfM;k dk fodYi] tks
tueq[kh gks]turkaf=d gksA oSdfYid i=dkj M‚- [kxsaæ Bkdqj dk dguk gS fd
tu&i{k ds fy, gh oSdfYid ehfM;k dh t:jr gSA ;g rks laHko ugha gSA vc rks
lekpkj Hkh iSls ysdj Nkis tkrs gSa] ehfM;k ds lHkh :i vkSj çdkj vko';d
gSaA eSa ftl vFkZ esa bls ns[krk gw¡] ml
vFkZ esa ;g ehfM;k dgk¡ c<+ jgh gSaA eq[;/kkjk dh ehfM;k
'kks"kd&'kkld oxZ dh ehfM;k gS bldh dksf'k'k gksrh gS fd turk dks lgh
[kcj u feys vkSj turk lÙkk :i esa u vk, iwathokn ds vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd çHkqÙo ds
U;wt Økblsl mlesa ugha gS] og dqN Hkh dkj.k crk dj iUuk Hkjrk gSA oSdfYid
ehfM;k vHkh detksj gSA vr% bldh Hkwfedk vHkh detksj gSA oSdfYid iwathdkjh
?kjkuksa vkSj ljdkjh opZLo ls eqä gksuk pkfg, A O;oLFkk ifjorZu dh yM+kbZ ogh
yM+ ldrk gS]tks iwathoknh mRiknu ç.kkyh dks cnyuk pkgrk gS] tks dsoy ljdkj ugha
cfYd jktlÙkk dks cnyuk pkgrk gSA jktlÙkk og pht gS tks ljdkj dk fu;a=.k vkSj lapkyu djrh gSA bl lÙkk dks
rksM+s fcuk O;oLFkk ifjorZu laHko ugha gSA vHkh rd tks ifjorZu gq, gSa] os ;gh
jgs gSa fd ,d iwathoknh fxjksg dks gVkdj nwljk fxjksg xíh ij vk;k] blhfy,
uhfrxr cnyko ugha gqvk gSA vkfnoklh efgykvksa dh leL;kvksa dks ysdj dk;Z djus
okyh Lora= i=dkj M‚- c`tckyk dk dguk gS fd oSdfYid cgqr dkjxj ugha gSA
fu"d"kZ&
oSdfYid ehfM;k gekjs fodkl ds
lkFk c<+k gSA Lora=rk ds le; yksx ipsZ Nkidj vius fojks/k dks ntZ djrs FksA
viuh ckr yksxksa rd igq¡pkrs FksA rc Hkh v[kckj Fks] mlesa fczfV'k ljdkj ds
f[kykQ ugha fy[kk tk ldrk FkkA vkt Hkh dqN oSlh gh fLFkfr gSA eq[;/kkjk dh
ehfM;k ls dV tkus okyh [kcjsa oSdfYid ehfM;k ds }kjk viuh vyx igpku cuk jgh
gSaA eq[;/kkjk ds Vhoh pkSuy vkSj v[kckj tSls lapkj ek/;eksa dh txg vc lPps tu
i{k dk fuekZ.k djus esa y?kq if=dkvksa vkSj lkeqnkf;d jsfM;ks cM+h Hkwfedk dk
fuoZgu dj jgs gSaA fdlh fo'ks"k O;oLFkk ifjorZu ds mís'; dks ysdj vusd
i=&if=dkvksa çdkf'kr dh tk jgh gS] tks ,d csgrj tui{k ds oSdfYid ehfM;k ds
:i esa mHkj jgh gSaA ysfdu blds ckotwn vHkh Hkh oSdfYid ehfM;k dks ml xfr'khyrk
dk bartkj jgrk gS ftl xfr;qä vkSj tuekul ls tqM+h [kcjksa dk blesa lekos'k jgrk
gSA
bl v/;;u esa ;g ifj.kke feyrk gS
fd efgyk,a vius vfLrRo dh yM+kbZ yacs le; ls yM+rh vk jgh gSa] ysfdu blus
vfHk;ku dk :i ugha fy;k FkkA efgykvksa ds i{k esa tehu rS;kj djus esa lkeqnkf;d
jsfM;ks] y?kq i=&if=dkvksa dh lcls vf/kd Hkwfedk jgh gS D;ksafd ;s lHkh ek/;e
vke vkneh rd igqapus ds loZlqyHk o lLrs
ek/;e gSaA 73osa vkSj 74osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku ds ifj.kkeLo:i ns'k dh
xzkeh.k ,oa uxjh; Lo'kklh laLFkkvksa esa efgykvksa ds fy, vkj{k.k dh O;oLFkk us
mUgsa vf/kdkj&laiUu rks cuk;k fdarq tc gfj;k.kk] fgekpy çns'k]mÙkjk[kaM]
fcgkj vkSj e/;çns'k ds dqN vkfnoklh {ks=ksa esa fuokZfpr efgyk çfrfuf/k;ksa us
lkekftd cqjkb;ksa ,oa vU;k; ds fo:) vkokt cqyan dj mu ij fot; ikbZ rks oSdfYid
ehfM;k us gh lekt esa ;g vkl txk nh fd lHkh folaxfr;ksa ds f[kykQ fL=;ksa dh
,dtqVrk lpeqp Økafrdkjh ifjorZu yk ldrh gSA efgykvksa dks lkekftd vkSj jktuSfrd
fiNM+siu ds dkj.k eq[;/kkjk dh ehfM;k t:jr ls T;knk fouez o dkeqdrk ds O;fäÙo
:i esa çfrfcafcr djuk jgk gSA
lq>ko&
oSdfYid ehfM;k esa vk jgs yksxksa
dks vkRefu;a=.k ds lkFk bldk mi;ksx djuk t:jh gSA viuh HkM+kl fudkyus ds fy,
mi;ksx djsaxs rks vktdy dh eq[;/kkjk dh ehfM;k dh rjg /kkj [kks nsaxsA oSdfYid
ehfM;k O;kid vkcknh ds thou ls tqM+s eqíksa ij ,oa çxfr'khy thou ds ewY;ksa ds
ckjs esa ,d vkykspukRed –f"V fodflr djrh gS] dsoy lwpuk,¡ ugha oju
ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds dkj.k ,oa ifj.kke dh Hkh O;k[;k çLrqr djrh gSA orZeku O;oLFkk
dh oSKkfud vkykspuk çLrqr dj oSdfYid O;oLFkk dh oSKkfud le> çLrqr djrh gSA
;g dsoy vjktd çfrjks/k ugha oju ,d lqlaxr O;oLFkk Hkh çLrqr djrh gSA orZeku esa
vf/kdkjksa ds fy, lkjka'k dk vkºoku djrh vkSj lexzrk esa vketu dh vkokt dks
eq[kjrk nsuk furkar vko';d gks tkrk gSA oSdfYid ehfM;k dh fLFkfr vHkh l'kä ugha
cu ik;h gSA vr% bldh Hkwfedk Hkh detksj gSA oSdfYid ehfM;k iwathdkjh ?kjkuksa
vkSj ljdkjh opZLo ls eqä gksuh pkfg,A
(ICSSR
M‚DVksjy fjlpZ
Qsyks] egkRek
xka/kh varjjk"Vªh; fganh fo'ofo|ky;] o/kkZ] bZesy&ramshankarpal108@gmail.com)
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